introduction one of the critical issues associated with sustainability in the twenty-first century is how cities are growing and developing in the space. rapid urban growth and physical development of cities cause disintegration of the spatial organization of cities and consequently spatial inequality between urban spaces. this phenomenon can be considered as spatial segregation or fragmentatio...

Undoubtedly, public spaces can be considered as an essential factor, which could contribute to urban arrangement, create and maintain a strong local center and enhance the quality of superior environment and the sense of citizenship. Moreover, integrity has always been the most basic structural qualities and one of the key principles of cities. Integrated urban spaces exhibit the integrated str...

legibility is one of the most important characteristics of good urban environments which improves the communication between people and place by helping them to perceive and recognize their environment more deeply and precisely. unfortunately, achieving legibility in today’s urban environments has become very hard due to the increase in incoherent developments and partial renovation projects. mo...

iranian traditional cities were created with a system based on experiments and gradual establishment of society through time. qajar era is especially important in iranian art history. until mid qajar era, iranian cities’s architecture mainly took benefit of its common traditional architecture that is already seen in most desert-surrounding cities. till this era, there was not any connection bet...

Congenital fistulae between the tracheobronchial tree and oesophagus usually originate from the lower end of the trachea or right main bronchus. The case history is presented of a man in whom a fistula between the oesophagus and left main bronchus was not diagnosed until the age of 48.

This long-lasting point in his life due to economic developments, social and cultural development of the Industrial Revolution, the foundation has been transformed. Today, the need for rehabilitation and restoration of these islands what the city increases, the need to develop a coherent and logical connection between the old and new areas to preserve and enhance the integrity and identity of...