background  & aim: case-crossover  studies are the case-control  version of crossover studies. in these studies, cases and controls are the same subjects. the term crossover is applied for designs that all subjects pass through both treatment (exposure) and placebo (non-exposure) phases. in fact they are  crossover  of  subjects  between  periods  of  exposure  and  non-exposure.  this  design ...

efficiency in agricultural production is indicative of the efficiency level of farm households in their farming activities. farmers in developing countries do not make use of all the potential technological resources, thus making inefficient decisions in their agricultural activities. herein, technical efficiency in relation with the production of three types of rice crop (boro, aus and aman) w...

background: cholera is a potentially epidemic and life-threatening secretory diarrhoea characterized by voluminous watery stools, often accompanied by vomiting, and resulting in hypovolemic shock and acidosis. it is caused by certain strains of the species vibrio cholerae which can also cause mild or in apparent infections. the aim of this study is the evaluation of capsaicin, as a potential in...

pistachio nut is one of the most important export crops in iran. for prevention of rancidity and to ensure good quality, pistachio must be harvested in a short time and be prepared for drying in 24h.the ohadi variety of iranian raw dry pistachio nuts was selected for the experiments. instrumental hardness and sensory characteristics of pistachio nuts such as: flavor , texture and total acceptan...

abstract background: different adjuvant drugs have been used with local anesthetics in order to decrease the time of onset and elongate the duration and quality of regional blocks. this study was performed to study the effects of one of the adjuvants, verapamil, in supraclavicular block. methods: in this double blinded clinical trial, we divided 60 asa class i and ii patients who were to underg...