Structural change plays an important role in developing any economy, so understanding it is critical to make policies that increase total factor productivity. The structural change that leads to an efficient resource allocation after trade reforms is desirable; the key factor that can affect the relation of "structural change and trade liberalization" with productivity is the quality of institu...

Brexit, the withdrawal of United Kingdom from European Union, has offered UK government a unique opportunity to fundamentally reform agricultural policy. In England, new policy—called Environmental Land Management—will reward farmers for activities that produce environmental public goods, such as clean air and water thriving wildlife, prevent hazards. It could lead biggest changes in land manag...

in dealing with uninvited guests as natural propositions and propositions that are based on primary essential predication, the term “predication” has undergone some semantic changes; according to the elements of “unity” and “difference” three periods may be distinguished: (1) the period in which “what causes the unity” is external and “what causes the difference” is in the mind, (2) the period ...

this paper deals with the problem of optimizing two-stage structure decision making units (dmus) where the activity and the performance of two-stage dmu in one period effect on its efficiency in the next period. to evaluate such systems the effect of activities in one period on ones in the next term must be considered. to do so, we propose a dynamic dea approach to measure the performance of su...