BACKGROUNDS/AIMS Aging of population is leading to more operative treatments on elderly patients in various aspects. Growing numbers of patients are going through operations about cholecystitis in the same sense. We tried to survey them anew about remarkably increasing octogenarian patients and the outcome after operative management for cholecystitis seeking to improve treatment result. METHO...

The patent laws are in the U.S. Constitution dating back from 1790 to 1793 to promote, as articulated by one of the framers, Thomas Jefferson, and protect ‘any new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new or useful improvement thereof ’. Although the U.S. Congress in 1952 replaced the word ‘art’ with the word ‘process’, the Congress, as well as the courts, have...

about ancient iran, especially in recent years, considerable research has been done and it showed auspicious event that for researchers ancient iran is significant. article is due to the focused attention of the political aspects of civilization, the kind of work is original. the main question has been written that, continuity of government and rulers for their statesmanship, and what evidence ...

Life is normally expected to proceed through childhood, youth, adulthood and old age. What happens then if death occurs at some earlier phase of life and not at a far distant time in people’s everyday lives? This will most often be a sudden and unexpected death. How do the nearest family, friends and acquaintances of the deceased cope with this? How and why are new rituals created, how are they...

background : poisoning is a major concern, especially in developing countries. we aimed to focus on poisoning trends based on registry data for the recent 10 years. methods: this cross-sectional study was performed on registry database of imam reza hospital in mashhad, iran. all cases of toxic exposure or poisoning during 2004 to 2013 were included (49189 patients). data from two national censu...

it is not long time that residential complexes have been built in tehran. although during thistime, always influenced by some factors, configuration of the residential complexes has undergone fluctuations, rateof which has been very fast especially in recent decades considering the fundamental changes that have emerged in the housing debate. turning housing into an investment commodity. residen...