In order to assess the immunopathological effects of aqueous Echinacea purpurea extract (EPE) on mice experimentally challenged with Pasteurella multocida serotype A, forty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups. The groups included a control group (received sterile distilled water 2 times/week for 2 weeks, intraperitoneally and then 100 μl sterile saline intranasally), a PMA...

Since all graphs in the 1993 DIMACS graph coloring challenge are undirected, each edge should be only counted once. However, in some files each edge is counted once, whereas in others each edge is counted twice; so a systematical check on the DIMACS challenge is made to eliminate the inconsistencies. Besides, the experimental results of a previous paper by Blas et al. counted each violated edge...

BACKGROUND Acquisition of malaria immunity in low transmission areas usually occurs after relatively few exposures to the parasite. A recent Plasmodium vivax experimental challenge trial in malaria naïve and semi-immune volunteers from Colombia showed that all naïve individuals developed malaria symptoms, whereas semi-immune subjects were asymptomatic or displayed attenuated symptoms. Sera from...

An intracerebral challenge of HPB black mice with Neisseria gonorrhoeae is described. In this mode, the mice died from 1 to 6 days after challenge, and T1 organisms were obtained up to the fifth day from brain, liver, kidney, and spleen. Experimental gonococcal vaccines gave good protection against the challenge.

background and purpose: the thesis provides an opportunity for the students to conduct a study and thus to get ready for future research cases. medical students have faced numerous challenges for their thesis including the selection of the subject, the study approval, equipment and supplies shortage and etc. we have conducted the present study to determine the attitude of medical interns toward...

abstract objective: the aim of this study was evaluating the relationship between maternal serum lipid measured at 13-23 weeks of pregnancy and subsequent glucose intolerance. materials and methods: in a prospective study, 624 pregnant women prior to 23 weeks were eligible for the study. primarily, serum levels of total cholesterol, ldl cholesterol, hdl cholesterol, and triglyceride were measur...

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most vital elements for all living organisms which acts as aconstituent of essential biomolecules such as nucleic acids, phospholipids, and phosphosugars,and as a major contributor to almost all metabolic reactions including photosynthesis,respiration, and energy delivery. It is one of the most needed nutrients for plant growth anddevelopment. Despite high levels of...