learning-oriented assessment seeks to emphasise that a fundamental purpose of assessment should be to promote learning. it mirrors formative assessment and assessment for learning processes. it can be defined as actions undertaken by teachers and / or students, which provide feedback for the improvement of teaching and learning. it also contrasts with equally important measurement-focused appro...

the present study sought to investigate the impact of using mind-mapping technique instruction on female elementary efl learners reading comprehension; it also investigated their attitudes towards using mind-mapping technique as a tool to improve their reading comprehension. this study followed a quasi-experimental design with two intact groups as experimental, and control groups. the participa...

The land-use change, cutting forest trees and the grasslands conversion to agricultural lands destroyed natural ecosystems and also current or future production capacity reduce and these are harmful effects on the soil physicochemical characteristics. This study taken with aim, checking the role of forest-land change on some soil physical-chemical characteristics and then identify some effectiv...

short story as an important literary genre in the recent decade is focused by many of young writers and literary critical with searching structure, content , artistic techniques and cognitive phenomenon of these works , we can show quantity of using some parts of storied literature from new literal techniques of the word and also we can show the usage of native, cultural and social foundation...

Today, livestock outflows from the forests of the north of the country have created environmental and social challenges and problems that have caused concern to natural resource policy makers.  The re-emergence of livestock and ranchers illegally in the forests for various reasons has created disputes and tensions with conservation systems. In this regard, the present study was conducted to ana...

as some definitions show, idioms are expressions whose meanings cannot be obtained from individual words. in every society, people use their own conceptions and feelings through different idioms and expressions. so every culture and society has their own idioms. some scholars proposed methods for translating idioms but baker’s strategies are very important and constructive. this research tried ...