in the present work, a simple and sensitive method was developed for determination of morphine and heroin using gold nanoparticles as resonance rayleigh scattering (rrs) and colorimetric technique’s probe. synthesized gold nanoparticles by sodium citrate reduction method have a negative charge layer on their surfaces because of self-assembled citrate anions on their surface. binding of morphin...

Introduction: Different studies have investigated the effects of various factors on self-efficacy and clinical decision-making among nurses and other professionals in the fields of health and treatment.  There is, however, little research investigating self-efficacy, clinical decision-making, and the level of relationship between them with regard to the environment and culture of organizations....

data envelopment analysis (dea) is a powerful tool for measuring relative efficiency of organizational units referred to as decision making units (dmus). in most cases dmus have network structures with internal linking activities. traditional dea models, however, consider dmus as black boxes with no regard to their linking activities and therefore do not provide decision makers with the reasons...

a large number of single research studies on the effects of strategy-based instruction (sbi) in teaching english as a foreign or second language has been conducted so far. however, the lack of a comprehensive meta-analysis targeting the effectiveness of english language sbi is observed. moreover, the findings of experimental studies regarding the context of the english language, proficiency lev...

critical thinking ability has an important role in education. accordingly, scholars around the world are searching for new ways for teaching and improving students critical thinking ability. in line with the studies in efl contexts supporting the positive relationship between critical thinking and writing performances, this study investigated the differential effects of halverson’s critical thi...

Background and Purpose: This study aimed to determine the relationship between the quality of educational experience and academic achievement in Islamic teaching lessons in Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, the Zanjan, Iran, during the academic year of 2015 -2016. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on undergraduate and postgraduate students of Zanjan...