. introduction if environmental hazards, including those with atmospheric origin and terrestrial origin cause economic and human life losses for human societies, they would be considered as disasters. terrestrial hazards, which mostly occur as catastrophic, may have economic and human life damages when they occur in a small scale but with high intensity. mass movements are among the most import...

Microbial ferrous iron [Fe(II)] oxidation leads to the formation of iron-rich macroscopic aggregates ("iron snow") at the redoxcline in a stratified lignite mine lake in east-central Germany. We aimed to identify the abundant Fe-oxidizing and Fe-reducing microorganisms likely to be involved in the formation and transformation of iron snow present in the redoxcline in two basins of the lake that...

Volume changes and water balances of the lakes on Tibetan Plateau (TP) are spatially heterogeneous lake-basin scale drivers remain unclear. In this study, we comprehensively estimated volume for 1132 larger than 1 km2 determined glacier contribution to lake change at basin-wide using satellite stereo multispectral images. Overall, mass stored in increased by 169.7 ± 15.1 Gt (3.9 0.4 yr?1) betwe...

The conservation of lakes is an essential issue in sustainable development. Disruption of ecological balance, destruction of biodiversity and vegetation, desertification, and storm surges are the results of lakes drying. The purpose of this paper is to introduce an integrated bi-objective sustainable water resource management model. The first objective function deals with economically optimal a...

Introduction .......................................................................................... . . 10 I. Overview of the CW A ........................................................................ 12 A . G eneral ........................................................................................ . . 12 B. Importance of TMDLs .........................................................

1. introduction considering the importance of lake urmia in the weather of northwest of iran, the present study, using dynamic modelling and simulation, investigates the consequences of the drying up of lake urmia on the climate parameter of downfall. 2. study area lake urima, considered the biggest pond in western asia, with a surface area of 5 thousand and 822 square kilometers, is the second...