Leaf properties vary significantly within plant canopies, due to the strong gradient in light availability through the canopy, and the need for plants to use resources efficiently. At high light, photosynthesis is maximized when leaves have a high nitrogen content and water supply, whereas at low light leaves have a lower requirement for both nitrogen and water. Studies of the distribution of l...

the rotation curves of a sample of 46 low- and high-surface brightness galaxies are considered in the context of milgrom's modi_ed dynamics (mond) to test a new interpolating function proposed by zhao et al. (2010) [1] and compare with the results of simple interpolating function. the predicted rotation curves are calculated from the total baryonic matter based on the b-band surface photometry,...

The geographic expansion and abundance fluctuations of invasive species offer unprecedented insights to investigate potential mechanisms underlying the distribution-abundance relationship, one most universal patterns in community ecology. However, is rarely documented needed detail. Data from historical records, scientific popular literature, citizen science expert interviews were synthesized o...

The radiance distribution of light scattered by randomly oriented ice crystals differs fundamentally from the radiance distribution of light scattered by spherical raindrops or by preferentially oriented ice crystals. A formalism for light scattering by randomly oriented crystals is given and applied to four examples, among them the circular 22° halo and the antisolar halospot, the latter being...

In this study, the stress distribution in the shrinkage process when a light-cured composite resin is irradiated with light was estimated. We assumed that shrinkage and hardening of the light-cured composite resin resulted from light irradiation and was the same as that caused thermally. On the basis of this assumption, we simulated the deformation during the shrinkage of the composite resin us...