abstract:‎ literature is said beautiful words of poetry or prose that excites reader’s or listener’s feel. certainly, to ‎be effective, such a text should have certain characteristics. the four elements of the literature: thought, ‎imagination, emotion and style make a text to be literary and effective. emotion and imagination are ‎specific elements of literary texts, while thought and style a...

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate causal metacognitive model for explaining the symptoms of war-related chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Method: Current descriptive correlative study was performed on 80 subjects with war-related chronic PTSD selected conveniently among war victims who referred to Deputy of Treatment Affairs of Health and Treatment Offic...

Objectives: The aim of the present research was to examine the validity, reliability and factor structure of Wells and Davis Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ). Method: In this descriptive study, 472 undergraduate students of Urmia University were randomly selected, and the ques-tionnaire was administered to them. Cronbach’s alpha factor and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used in orde...

as some definitions show, idioms are expressions whose meanings cannot be obtained from individual words. in every society, people use their own conceptions and feelings through different idioms and expressions. so every culture and society has their own idioms. some scholars proposed methods for translating idioms but baker’s strategies are very important and constructive. this research tried ...

the present study was carried on to investigate the use of face-keeping strategies in reaction to complaints by male and female in two different cultures, persian and american english. to see if apology strategies are affected by cultural, contextual preferences and gender of interlocutors in two distinct languages of persian and american english. the hypotheses to be tested were 1) ifids, acce...

the aim of this study was to identify the problems of translating markedness structures from english to persian in order to look closely at what possible difficulties translators may face. it also seeks to probe the strategies applied accordingly by iranian translators in translating them. from three translation of blindness novel, the sentences with marked structures were elicited and also the...