this study focused on the effect of teaching collocations on the awareness of two affective dimensions, evaluation and potency dimensions, of deep vocabulary knowledge as well as the general vocabulary knowledge of efl students. sixty intermediate efl female adult learners participated in this study; they were chosen among 90 students through the pet and a general vocabulary knowledge test. the...

The knowledge of grammatical categories such as nouns and verbs is considered to lie at the foundations of human language comprehension and production abilities. Words’ distributional and phonological properties contribute to both adult and infant learning of grammatical categories. Here we investigate the contribution of semantic cues to the acquisition of grammatical categories using grammati...

This study compared the effects of teacher-provided direct and indirect written corrective feedback and manipulation of resource-directing dimensions of task cognitive complexity along +/- Here and Now condition on the grammatical accuracy of Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ narrative writing tasks. There were 45 participants in the study who were randomly assigned to three experimental group...

Language students are most engaged while reading texts at an appropriate difficulty level. However, existing methods of evaluating text difficulty focus mainly on vocabulary and do not prioritize grammatical features, hence they do not work well for language learners with limited knowledge of grammar. In this paper, we introduce grammatical templates, the expert-identified units of grammar that...

This study examined abstract syntactic categorization in infants, using the case of grammatical gender. Ninety-six French-learning 14-, 17-, 20-, and 30-month-olds completed the study. In a preferential looking procedure infants were tested on their generalized knowledge of grammatical gender involving pseudonouns and gender-marking determiners. The pseudonouns were controlled to contain no pho...

The results showed that although the three dimensions are not individually related to plant competitiveness (direct effects perspective), their co-alignment impacts strongly on plant competitiveness (co-alignment perspective). Furthermore, this co-alignment creates an environment in which employee suggestion and feedback can add innovation, leading to superior plant competitiveness (mediation p...