This article examines and critiques the use of the term "vulnerability" in U.S. and international regulations and guidelines on research ethics. After concluding that the term is currently used in multiple, often inconsistent, senses, it calls on regulators to differentiate between three distinct types of vulnerability: "consent-based vulnerability,""risk-based vulnerability," and "justice-base...

Voltage sags and swells are significant issues of power quality. In order to alleviate voltage on sensitive loads, a method is proposed evaluate the bus grid structure based sags/swells using ellipse parameters. The matrix established for caused by four types short-circuit faults. can be converted into minor axis major Clarke transformation, accordingly sag swell obtained with interaction betwe...

the percent of normal precipitation index (pnpi) is a widely used drought index to provide good estimations about the intensity, magnitude and spatial extent of droughts. the objective of this study was analyzing spatial pattern of drought by pnpi index. in this paper, according to the data of 40 stations in iran, during 1967-2009, the pattern of drought hazard is evaluated. influenced zone of ...

Vulnerability to cavitation curves describe the decrease in xylem hydraulic conductivity as xylem pressure declines. Several techniques for constructing vulnerability curves use centrifugal force to induce negative xylem pressure in stem or root segments. Centrifuge vulnerability curves constructed for long-vesselled species have been hypothesised to overestimate xylem vulnerability to cavitati...

An assessment of the landslide risk (Rls) for territory Bulgaria by administrative districts has been made combining vulnerability (V) and hazard (Hls) maps. Landslides are a significant part geological hazards widespread throughout country. In order to assess Bulgaria, it is necessary take into account not only all landslides given region, but also its vulnerability, thus level this Rls = f (V...