Ž . The ability of the VLF-R Resistivity method to provide quantitative subsurface resistivity information is examined. The Ž . frequencies used in conventional VLF 15 to 30 kHz provide the deepest penetrations of the multi-frequency, extended method of RadioMT. Both methods are considered. VLF data, being effectively single frequency, are insufficient to resolve Ž . Ž . one-dimensional 1D vert...

Here, we elucidate the immunological features of both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and vitreous lavage fluid (VLF) samples from patients with histopathologically verified sarcoidosis. In addition, we assess the safety of vitrectomy in sarcoidosis patients by investigating the occurrence of complications and the recovery of visual acuity.Twenty-two eyes of 22 patients with tissue-proven s...

[1] It is well established that Extremely Low Frequency (ELF, 0.3–3 kHz) and Very Low Frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) radio waves can be generated via modulated High Frequency (HF, 3–10 MHz) heating of the lower ionosphere (60–100 km). The ionospheric absorption of HF power modifies the conductivity of the lower ionosphere, which in the presence of natural currents such as the auroral electrojet, cre...

[1] ELF/VLF radio waves (300 Hz to 30 kHz) have been successfully generated via modulated HF (3–10 MHz) heating of the lower ionosphere in the presence of natural currents, most recently with the HAARP facility in Alaska. Generation is possible via amplitude modulation or via two techniques involving motion of the HF beam during the ELF/VLF cycle, known as beam painting and geometric modulation...

A number of increasingly sophisticated and realistic models have been developed in order to investigate the interaction between sub-ionospherically propagating VLF waves and regions of ionisation enhancement (LIE) in the D-region caused by lightning-induced electron precipitation enhancements (LEP). This LEP-produced LIE can result in phase and amplitude perturbations on received VLF radio sign...