testing plays a vital role in any language teaching program. it allows teachers and stakeholders, including program administrators, parents, admissions officers and prospective employers to be assured that the learners are progressing according to an accepted standard (douglas, 2010). the problems currently facing language testers have both practical and theoretical implications but the first i...

in iran we already use laminate tubes only in cosmetics industry. laminate tube manufacturers via using the most modern technology of the world, faced with the laminate tube market being saturated in cosmetics industry for packaging the cosmetic creams and toothpaste. but considering the great food market and therefore laminate tube features such as beautiful packaging, ease of use for the fina...

In recent years, Iran has increased energy prices somewhat, but because of the very low starting point they remain far below opportunity costs. In this paper we examine two broad issues: First, the estimated impact of the energy price (Gasoline and Jet Fuel) rises on producer prices entire the economy and transportation sub-sectors, and the second, the Estimated of gasoline and jet fuel elastic...

from 1950s onward, new theories and critical approaches burgeoned across humanities. these theories were context-oriented; as a result, the analysis of discursive practices gained significance. thus, social, political, historical and cultural discourses that have been hitherto marginalized and considered inferior to literary texts, were introduced as important texts to be analyzed by critics. o...

in new management approaches, in the organizations with inflexible structure, existing of red tapes and interruptions caused by limitations and also non-compliance with environmental changes, create demotivation among staff. with regard to the influence of job motivational potential and its relationship to the type of organizational structure( enabling and dissuasive), the goal of this research...

elasticity in an indicator of price sensitivity and its psychological basis has largely been neglected. some scholars in consumer psychology show that advertising decreases price elasticity, while others found a positive relationship between advertising and price elasticity. We hypothesize that two psychological variables, namely set size (in memory) and relative strength of preference (constru...