The time course of visual letter recognition was investigated in a single-stimulus identi®cation experiment. On each trial, a randomly chosen stimulus letter was presented at 1 of 12 equiprobable positions that were equally spaced around the circumference of an imaginary circle centered on ®xation. Exposure duration was varied from 10 to 200 ms, and the letter was followed by a pattern mask. Th...

a letter of ali ibn- hussein (peace be upon him) to mohammad ibn- moslem known as ibn- shahab zohri has been mentioned in some resources. in this letter, zohri has been reproached by ali ibn-hussein for his cooperation with bani omayeh. this letter is usually cited as an evidence in analysis of imam sajjad's political and social positions. surveying the resources and numerous books shows t...

the term “spirituality” has been proposed to denote the notion of intellectuality. actually, the former has been derived from the latin words “spiritus” (means breath) and “spirare” (means inhaling or breathing). given the latin translations of the new testament, the term “spiritualis” or spiritual person is an individual whose life is dominated or influenced by the holy spirit or god (1).

Most models of reading agree that visual word recognition is underpinned by a highly interactive network in which both bottom-up and top-down processes contribute. What remains unknown is whether evidence of top-down effects upon letter processing are restricted to word-form level information, or whether meaning-level information also plays a role. Here we sought to investigate top-down semanti...