the letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). for this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. the classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial ob...

For the foreign student it is very important to own skills of the academic letter. It is an important indicator of professional and research competence of the student. The mobility of foreign graduates of the Russian higher education institutions depends on their level of proficiency in the academic Russian letter as communications between the educational and scientific organizations extend at ...

the term “spirituality” has been proposed to denote the notion of intellectuality. actually, the former has been derived from the latin words “spiritus” (means breath) and “spirare” (means inhaling or breathing). given the latin translations of the new testament, the term “spiritualis” or spiritual person is an individual whose life is dominated or influenced by the holy spirit or god (1).

The present essay is an attempt to scrutinize Macbeth's letter to Lady Macbeth formalistically with much care and seek hints which may lead us back and forth to understand what befell before and after the composition and emission of the letter. The letter seems to help us plunge into Macbeth's consciousness, and of course later to that of Lady Macbeth; it is a transparent aid to perceive the hi...

critical discourse analysis has proved to be of great help in analyzing the form and meaning of literary works. certain scholars such as norman fairclough have greatly improved such studies. the present study deals with one of the political letters of mas'ud i of ghazni to arsalan khan written by his secretary abul-fazl bayhaqi. the complete version of the letter has been recorded in bayhaqi’s ...

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