Drought and famine in Sub-Saharan Africa is among the leading contributory causes of vulnerability in pastoral communities. This paper discusses approaches that allow understanding of pastoral indigenous adaptive strategies to drought and famine. It is argued that understanding pastoral livelihood strategies requires a holistic approach. The paper focused on three key approaches namely: sustain...

This study analyses public attitudes towards the degree of government involvement in ensuring the livelihood and care of the elderly in Japan. Using four waves of individual-level annual data from the Japanese General Social Survey collected over the period 2000-2005, we estimate ordered logit models with various explanatory variables based on the socio-demographic, economic, political, and soc...

Brazil was one of the first countries in Latin America to institutionalize a National Environmental Policy in 1981, including the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process of economic activities with anticipated impacts on the environment. Today, EIA practice in Brazil comes with a number of limitations: it is constrained by its environmental advocacy role; application is strongly oriented ...

When rain falls on an existing cover of snow, followed by low temperatures, or as freezing rain, it can leave a hard crust. These Arctic snow (ROS) events profoundly influence the environment and in turn, human livelihoods. Impacts be immediate (e.g. travel, herding, harvesting) evolve accumulate, leading to massive starvation-induced die-offs reindeer, caribou, musk oxen, for example. We provi...

Access to a career and to a livelihood in society’s mainstream economy is again a topic of discussion among economists and sociologists. Great value is placed on the opportunity of working-age people to obtain rewarding work in the formal economy and to earn enough in such jobs to be self-sufficient. These are the twin conditions for what is sometimes termed social inclusion, or, more aptly, fo...

This paper introduces a hybrid combined weight-place value method for evaluating the sustainable of urbanization. The values of development index are calculated by combined weight method. A case study of urbanization in Liaoning demonstrates the process of using the evaluation method. The result indicates that the urbanization in Liaoning is better. The development between economic, environment...