The responsible mechanism for the formation of the enhanced-V infrared cloud-top feature observed above tropopause-penetrating thunderstorms is not well understood. A new method for the combination of volumetric radar reflectivity from individual radars into three-dimensional composites with high vertical resolution (1 km) is introduced and used to test various formation mechanisms proposed in ...

The arid and semiarid regions of Uzbekistan are sensitive vulnerable to climate change. However, the sparse very unevenly distributed meteorological stations within region provide limited data for studying region’s variation. aim this work was evaluate performance European Centre Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA)-Interim ERA5 products fields near-surface temperature, humi...

A new tropopause definition, based on a flow-dependent blending of the traditional thermal tropopause with one based on potential vorticity, has been developed. The benefits of such a blending algorithm are most apparent in regions with synoptic scale fluctuations between tropical and extratropical airmasses. The properties of the local airmass determine the relative contributions to the locati...

Abstract. Soil moisture (SM) plays a critical role in the water and energy cycles of Earth system; consequently, long-term SM product with high quality is urgently needed. In this study, five products, including one microwave remote sensing – European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative (ESA CCI) four reanalysis data sets Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis Interim...

A stand-alone sea ice model is tuned and validated using satellite-derived, basinwide observations of sea ice thickness, extent, and velocity from the years 1993 to 2001. This is the first time that basin-scale measurements of sea ice thickness have been used for this purpose. The model is based on the CICE sea ice model code developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, with some minor modi...