Defining dose requirement, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics Clinical anaesthetists administer doses of drugs to obtain various degrees of drug effect. Some anaesthetic drug effects, such as muscle relaxation, are relatively easy to quantitate, whereas others such as anaesthetic depth are much more difficult. Anaesthetic dose requirement can be defined as the dose of drug that produces a de...

research on assessing craving in laboratory settings often involves inducing and then measuring craving in subjects. cue-induced craving is studied in laboratory settings using the cue reactivity paradigm, in which drug-related photos, videos, evocative scripts, olfactory cues, and paraphernalia may induce craving. cue-induced craving evoked by drug-related stimuli could be associated with rela...

Research on assessing craving in laboratory settings often involves inducing and then measuring craving in subjects. Cue-induced craving is studied in laboratory settings using the cue reactivity paradigm, in which drug-related photos, videos, evocative scripts, olfactory cues, and paraphernalia may induce craving. Cue-induced craving evoked by drug-related stimuli could be associated with rela...

Background: Absence epilepsy is a brief non-convulsive seizure that associated with sudden abrupt in consciousness. Because of the unpredictable occurrence of absence seizures and ethic limitation of human investigation on the pathogenesis and drug assessment led to the tendency to animal models. The aim of this paper is reviewing the advantages and disadvantages of several animal models of non...