Editorials 210 In March 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) released a report 1 on the status of water and sanitation in health-care facilities from 54 low-and middle-income countries. Data representing 66 000 health facilities show that water was not readily available in about 40%. 1 Over a third of facilities lacked soap for hand washing a...

Redefining shared sanitation Thilde Rheinländer, Flemming Konradsen, Bernard Keraita, Patrick Apoya & Margaret Gyapong a Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farigmagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark. b Africa Sanitation Think Tank, 03 BP 7112, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso. c Dodowa Health Research Center and School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana. Co...

OBJECTIVE Initiatives to monitor progress in health interventions like sanitation are increasingly focused on disparities in access. We explored three methodological challenges to monitoring changes in sanitation coverage across socio-economic and demographic determinants: (i) confounding by wealth indices including water and sanitation assets, (ii) use of individual urban and rural settings ve...

Population and urban growth is one of the major challenges facing Africa. Rapid urbanization poses major infrastructure, economic, environmental and social problems. Total water supply and sanitation coverage is extremely low particularly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and cities are becoming to a large extent informal. Untreated urban wastewater is polluting water sources throughout SSA changing ...

The COVID-19 pandemic has become a major health problem that has had negative impacts on various aspects of people's lives. This study aimed to present a narrative review of reviews that have addressed the social effects of the COVID-19 epidemic. To achieve this goal, the Pubmed database was searched using keywords related to the fields of social implication, COVID-19, and review studies. Final...

heat stress particularly  at  outdoor  workplaces in hot-dry    climates can  disrupt    the physical or mental functions and effect negatively on human performance. we aimed to study the effect of heat stress on productivity loss among workers of brick workshops in qom province – central iran. this cross-sectional descriptive and analytic study was performed on 184 workers in 40 brick workshop...