this research is a comparative study of entrepreneurial characteristics of founders of non-governmental high school in tehran. the research population was the female and male’s founders of non-governmental high school in tehran (totally 507 persons). the sample was 213 people (90 women and 123 men) were selected by cluster sampling. the data were collected through questionnaire that measured tw...

Objective: Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD) has two subtypes, care-seeking type, and care-avoidant. There is little information about the differences between the two subtypes.  Methods: This study was carried out to compare perfectionism and tolerance of ambiguity in the subtypes of the IAD. To this end, a causal-comparative design was employed. The statistical population of the study included t...

Drawing on Robinson’s cognition hypothesis, the study attempted to examine how task conditions influence EFL learners’ oral performance and whether learners’ individual differences in terms of tolerance of ambiguity and self-efficacy mediate the effects of such conditions. To this end, 62 Iranian intermediate EFL learners from private language institutes in Tehran performed four dyadic decision...

Tolerance for Ambiguity (TA)—the ability to deal with ambiguous stimuli or situations—represents a central construct the acceptance of diversity. Although TA can be an important indicator functioning pluralistic society, it is rarely included in population surveys Germany, and there are few validate...