there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...

even though, to date, a lot of studies have been conducted on the subject of politeness theory, there are very few studies regarding the applicability of this theory to translation between english and persian which shows the reason behind conducting the present study. this study was carried out with the aim of highlighting whether there is any difference between english and persian methods of u...

abstract this study aimed at investigating the possible relationship between self-assessment in writing and self-regulation of iranian efl learners. the main purpose of the study was not only to report and inform about this relationship, but also to investigate and find practical outcomes of the incorporation of self-assessment in writing, such as improving writing skill. the research was carr...

there is less published research about how teachers in efl contexts respond to students who are relatively less mature and less competent l2 writers. while writing researchers have examined various issues concerning peer and teacher response in writing-oriented classes, little research has centered on the effect of collaborative tasks particularly dictogloss on writing skills. output collaborat...

this study sought to examine the effect of cooperative game on iranian students achievements in english alphabet learning. cooperative games are games, in which players or teams work together towards a common goal without defeating someone. the methodology used in this study was experimental. the population of the study was 60 female students from the grade one in secondary school in tabriz, ir...

this research study aimed to investigate the relationship between field-dependence/independence cognitive style and vocabulary learning strategies among iranian efl learners. ninety participants majoring in english translation at arak university were chosen. the participants were classified into two groups of field-dependent and independent based on the results of group embedded figure test (ge...

in new management approaches, in the organizations with inflexible structure, existing of red tapes and interruptions caused by limitations and also non-compliance with environmental changes, create demotivation among staff. with regard to the influence of job motivational potential and its relationship to the type of organizational structure( enabling and dissuasive), the goal of this research...

asymmetric membranes are widely used in many industrial membrane separation processes. the major advantage of membrane filtration over the conventional process is its ability to remove a wider spectrum of particles without using any chemicals. hollow fiber configuration offer many advantages over flat-sheet or tubular membranes. the spinning process of hollow fiber may look simple, yet it is te...

abstract the current research tried to examine the impact of multiple intelligence (mi) and its components on multiple choice (mc) and open ended (oe) reading comprehension tests. ninety six students of high school in grade four took part in this study. to collect data, participants completed multiple intelligence (mi) questionnaires along with a multiple choice (mc) and open ended (oe) forms ...

hydrochlorothiazide (hct) is a diuretic agent which is shown to be effective in the treatment of hypertension. literature reports have demonstrated that urinary excretion data may be used to assess the bioavailability of various formulations containing this thiazide. also hct consumption by the athletes is one of the drugs which should be regulated by world anti-doping agency (wada), because of...