This paper argues that the standard etymology of Vedic brav i ‘to say, to speak, tell’ from Proto-Indo-European * mleu ̯ h 2 - speak’ (and its connection with Avestan mrao speak’) cannot be upheld, since it is based on an irregular consonant change independently motivated and explained. As alternative, two different PIE verbal roots will proposed, melH-u → H bleu 2/3 -‘to speak or call’, provide...

The Middle Persian (MP) verb gumēxtan , gumēz- [gwmyhtn', gymyc-], despite its Indo-Iranian and Indo-European origins, does not offer attestations in Avestan Old Persian. This is a very peculiar fact, because particular nominal derivative of this verbal stem, gumēzišn [gwmyck'], became one the most sensible technical terms adopted framework Mazdean cosmology theology. We can briefly recall that...

This article studies Young Avestan forms in -āiš (formally instr.pl.m./n. of a-stems), nom.-acc.pl.f. ā-stems) and -īš nom.pl.f. ī-stems) that are used contexts where neuter nom.-acc.pl. / collective (a-stems) (consonantstems) expected. It is argued these -āiš, , secondarily created pluralizations original collectives reaction to the syntactic change according which their singular verbal concor...

     This study focuses on the effect of user-friendly, impersonal, and hybrid texts on the reading comprehension ability of Iranian foreign language learners. Forty-five students of AlzahraUniversity were selected on the basis of their performance in a recent TOEFL. They were given three different texts (each group of 15 students was given one type) describing the same area of English usage, w...