If, according to Gaetano Mosca, the Italian social thinker, we define elites as individuals and groups, that, as a result of the power they gain, they plan idea and, as a result of that, make decisions that are effective in the community action; thus, at the macro and national levels, the elites and experts of each country are considered as the most important and valuable treasure of the countr...

Understanding the policy cycle, as well as scrutinizing the text of hidden and obvious policies and rules, requires a model of discourse analysis based on which discursive ap-proaches of policy makers are understood and estimated. However, when it comes to presenting a policy model, we have to use the views of policy theorists to see how a problem as a "public goods" can be found in the policy ...

sixty-year history of town and country planning in the world, raised a fundamental question: why following the successful models in the process of town and country planning don’t have always similar results? whether, the origin of differences and ambiguities are not in the boundaries, interrelation among the levels of decision making, policy making, uncontrollable democracy in land ownership, i...

the aim of this research is consider the importance of decision maker level of analysis in the study of foreign policy. this capability created by the regard to the role of man in foreign policy and international relations theories. however, the main research question is whether the decision maker level of analysis will be the theoretical support for the analysis of foreign policy and what are ...

The field of cognitive psychology has increasingly provided scientific insights to explore how humans are subject to unconscious sources of evidentiary bias, leading to errors that can affect judgement and decision-making. Increasingly these insights are being applied outside the realm of individual decision-making to the collective arena of policy-making as well. A recent editorial in this jou...