according to common law rules of england, obligation by one party is enforceable when the other has provided a consideration or the contract has been put in a deed. in some common law jurisdictions, such as australia, canada and the united states, another doctrine, named reasonable reliance, has developed, which could act as surrogate for the doctrine of consideration. english courts, however, ...

The Roman Church was a leading public institution of the Middle Ages and its law, canon belonged to most powerful factors European legal history. Today’s lawyers have hardly any awareness canonist origins several current institutions. Together with law constituted system “both laws” (utrumque ius) which were only laws acknowledged as “learned” and, consequently, taught at medieval universities....