The relationship between second-language learning and culture has been studied and debated by educators and students alike. In an EFL context, students’ language learning happens mainly in a language classroom where the learning culture predominates. Learning behaviors are normally shaped by pre-existing attitudes, values and beliefs regarding what constitutes good learning and effective teachi...

Although persistent activation of the inspiratory muscles and narrowing of the glottic aperture during expiration have been indicated as relevant mechanisms leading to dynamic hyperinflation in acute asthma, expiratory flow limitation (EFL) has recently been proposed as a possible triggering factor for increasing endexpiratory lung volume (EELV). To establish whether the attainment of maximal f...

Although decades of research have well elaborated on teacher professional development, we still do not have a thorough picture about what teacher professional development could entail and what components it consists of. The present study aims to develop and validate a teacher professional development scale in an Iranian English foreign language context. An initial tentative model with 130 items...

abstractin the present study, attempt has been made to examine the effectiveness of peer and teacher scaffolding in reading comprehension of intermediate efl students in symmetrical and asymmetrical groups. to do so, sixty intermediate students were purposively selected out of 150 intermediate students in hamadan islamic azad university and kish language institute in hamadan. they were divided ...

this study investigated the cognition of 70 tunisian teachers on the place of culture in english education. it showed that tunisian teachers believe that english textbooks and curricular documents are not specific about the cultural dimension of efl. it also revealed that l2 teachers, whose mother culture is distant from that associated with l2, hold ambivalent attitudes towards culture. they a...

Unlike teacher beliefs, there has been a dearth of study regarding EFL learner beliefs. The reason can be that Horwitz (1987) and the existing literature has predominantly been in an ESL context. The present study reports the development and validation of a scale to measure the learner beliefs about language learning in Iranian EFL contexts. Using a combination of verbal creativity method, inte...