Peer-to-peer content distribution systems have been enjoying great popularity, and are now gaining momentum as a means of disseminating video streams over the Internet. In many of these protocols, including the popular BitTorrent, content is split into mostly fixed-size pieces, allowing a client to download data from many peers simultaneously. This makes piece size potentially critical for perf...

The Age of Genomics dawned only gradually for bacteriophages. It was 1977 when the genome of phage phi X174 was published and 1983 when the "large" genome of phage lambda hit the streets. More recently, the pace has quickened, so that we now have over 100 complete phage genomes and can expect thousands in a very few years. These sequences have been marvelously informative for the biology of the...

introduction conservation and management of landscapes and beautiful sceneries is one of the necessities of establishing and maintaining the protected areas. analysis of landscape visual quality has an important place in landscape planning and designing. in this way, reviewing effective criteria and discovering the simple patterns which affect the landscapes is the most important step of modeli...

Land patterns are beautiful, fascinating, dynamic, and significant to so many life processes. Capacity to understand landscape patterns can arise from very different paradigms; i) through the fine arts, an ability to see patterns; ii) from language arts, the gift to read and describe the landscape; iii) from the geographic sciences, the ability to map, measure, and interpret patterns; and iv) f...

Inference concerning the impact of habitat fragmentation on dispersal and gene flow is a key theme in landscape genetics. Recently, the ability of established approaches to identify reliably the differential effects of landscape structure (e.g. land-cover composition, remnant vegetation configuration and extent) on the mobility of organisms has been questioned. More explicit methods of predicti...