In the coming 21st century, the demand for global communications among speakers of different languages is expected to grow, and consequently, speech translation technologies will be indispensable for such global communications. Based on this reasoning, research on speech translation technologies has been progressing for about 20 years at Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute (ATR) in J...

Viruses are dependent upon the host cell protein synthesis machinery, thus they have developed a range of strategies to manipulate host translation to favour viral protein synthesis. Consequently, the study of viral translation has been a powerful tool for illuminating many aspects of cellular translational control. Although much work to date has focused on translational regulation by RNA virus...

arabic language instruction in iran has always relied on cognitive factors, and has been based on grammar-translation method. consequently, issues such as arabic learner's and teacher's mental processes during learning and teaching, metacognitive factors, interlocutors' characteristics and the conversation setting, learner's information processing procedure, etc. have never ...

Cross language information retrieval (CLIR) presents huge ambiguous results as polysemy problems. Therefore, the semantic approach comes to solve the polysemy problem which that the same word may have different meanings according to the context of sentences. This paper presents semantic technique on queries for retrieving more relevant results in CLIR) that concentrates on the Arabic, Malay or ...

Machine Translation, i.e., translating one kind of natural language to another kind of natural language by using a computer system, is a very important research branch in Artificial Intelligence. Yao developed a method of translation that he called “Lexical-Semantic Driven”. In his system he introduced 49 “relation types” including case relations, event relations, semantic relations, and comple...

The present study seeks to investigate the potentiality of the translation task as a testing method for measuring reading comprehension. To achieve this objective, two types of translation tests, open-ended and multiple-choice tests, and two types of reading comprehension tests, multiple-choice reading comprehension and open-ended cloze tests were developed in this study. The reliability of the...

Most of statistical machine translation systems are combinations of various models, and tuning of the scaling factors is an important step. However, this optimisation problem is hard because the objective function has many local minima and the available algorithms cannot achieve a global optimum. Consequently, optimisations starting from different initial settings can converge to fairly differe...