cold tolerance is an adaptative mechanism that plants in temperate climates require to survive and grow in suboptimal temperatures.  exposed plant to low temperature produces a myriad of measurable changes in biochemical characters that are often highly correlated with plant cold tolerance.  a key element of cereal adaptation to cold is represented by the capacity for physiological adjustments ...

Satellite orographic precipitation estimates exhibit large errors with space-time structure tied to landform. Observations in the Southern Appalachian Mountains (SAM) suggest that low-level clouds and fog (LLCF) amplify mid-day rainfall via seeder-feeder interactions (SFI) at both high and low elevations. Here, a rainfall microphysics model constrained by fog observations was used first to reve...

The drought caused a series of effects on many sectors of economy, especially natural resources. During two last decades, Iran has suffered from several severe to extreme agricultural droughts which caused significant decreases in rangeland and agriculture yields. This paper discusses the detection of agricultural drought severity over the rangelands of Markazi Province between 2000 and 2014 us...

The supramolecular organization of the proteins of the crystalline lens is essential for its transparency [1-3]. The cold cataract phenomenon, demonstrated in young lenses from rats, rabbits, cows, and humans involves the completely reversible opacification of the lens nucleus [4,5]. Cold cataract is caused by lowering lens temperature to well below body temperature. For example cold cataract f...

Since 1990 the project ‘Climate Change in the Arid Andes’ has been focusing on past climate and environmental conditions in the high mountain range of the north Chilean Andes (18 S– 28 S). The extreme aridity of this region is shown by the absence of glaciers, even at the highest altitudes above 6700 m a.s.l. More knowledge of the present climatic situation is needed to interpret the proxy data...

[1] Atmospheric fronts are important for the day-to-day variability of weather in the midlatitudes, particularly during winter when extratropical storm-tracks are at their maximum intensity. Fronts are often associated with heavy rain, and strongly affect the local space-time distribution of rainfall. A recently developed objective front identification method that distinguishes between cold, wa...