An input-output model with non-constant returns to scale and externalities is presented, and it is shown that in this model, the non-substitution theorem is still valid. More precisely, the quantity side of the theorem, i.e., the proposition on efficiency, remains valid, while there can be no equilibrium prices independent of final demand.

We analyze the Nash equilibria of a standard Bertrand model. We show that in addition to the marginal-cost pricing equilibrium there is a possibility for mixed-strategy equilibria yielding positive profit levels. We characterize these equilibria and find that having unbounded revenues is the necessary and sufficient condition for their existence. Hence, we demonstrate that under realistic assum...

It should now become obvious the our profit and cost functions derived from production functions, and demand functions derived from utility functions are all homogeneous functions. Using these functions offers us ease of interpretation of key economic ideas. Consider the following idea related to production functions, the returns to scale. Let f(x) be the production function. Then if it were ho...

Abstract Introduction: In every country, educational systems are regarded as the axes of development. Therefore, evaluating different academic departments as the main parts of educational systems is one of the most important responsibilities for university managers and authorities This study aimed at evaluating educational performance of all departments at the School of Health, a University of...

This note examines the measure of human capital implicit in Mankiw, Romer and Weil’s 1992 paper on ’A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth’. It is argued that MRW’s methodology fails to take account of cross-country di¤erences in the costs of acquiring human capital, and so implies an excessive di¤erence in human capital between advanced countries and developing countries, where acqu...

We present a Solow-type growth model without constant returns. The population is heterogeneous with respect to capital per head, rate of saving, depreciation, and growth. We employ a continuous version of the Shapley value to divide total output among the di¤erent groups. In contrast to the standard Solow model, or its endogenous growth manifestation (labelled AK-type growth models), there may ...

A two-region model is proposed in this paper. Manufactured goods can be produced with cottage technology under constant returns to scale or with modern technology using differentiated intermediate goods, which are produced with increasing returns to scale technology. In the model, there may be multiple equilibria, and, in such cases, the initial conditions determine the equilibrium that the eco...