The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of context on learning idioms among 60 Iranian female advanced English learners. To this end, the researcher assigned the participants to two experimental groups and one control group: Group 1 (first experimental group, the extended-context group), Group 2 (second experimental group, the limited-context group) and Group 3 (control g...

because of the dispersion of activities in big cities, employing highways as the most important connecting way is indispensable. in today world, highways are connection arteries of cities transporting people to their social activities. because of continual use of highway, their walls prepare a context for conveying many social, cultural, economic, etc concepts. that is why most economic promoti...

This review surveys research on second language vocabulary teaching and learning since1999. It first considers the distinction between incidental and intentional vocabulary learning.Although learners certainly acquire word knowledge incidentally while engaged in variouslanguage learning activities, more direct and systematic study of vocabulary is also required.There is a discussion of how word...

abstract as literary texts have different layers, they are open to various political, social and cultural interpretations and readings. the main purpose of orators is to persuade their audience.thus, orators must be familiar with intra-textual factors (residing inside language) and situational factors (residing outside language), such as social, political, and cultural factors, in order to be a...

We discuss learning latent annotations for synchronous context-free grammars (SCFG) for the purpose of improving machine translation. We show that learning annotations for nonterminals results in not only more accurate translation, but also faster SCFG decoding.

In this note it is proved that so called one-sided context-sensitive grammars can generate languages which cannot be generated by any context-free grammar. This fact is not quite new. It has been proved in [3], [4] and [5] (as far as the author knows). In [3] it is proved that a special one-sided context-sensitive grammar suggested by Dr. Fris ([1]) generates a language {a m b'"c"; Hn^ m} which...

Let Q be the set of all primitive words over a finite alphabet having at least two letters. In this paper, we study the language D(1) of all non-overlapping (d-primitive) words, which is a proper subset of Q. We show that D(1) is a contextsensitive langauage but not a deterministic context-free language. Further it is shown that [D(1)]n is not regular for n ≥ 1. key words: primitive word, non-o...

In this paper, we review different context classification systems that have been used to define elements of context. Although existing classification systems cover various types of context, in the development of context aware applications, only a few types of context have been used. In this work, we aim to build a context classification model based on Activity Theory that provides a basis both ...