writing an academic article requires the researchers to provide support for their works by learning how to cite the works of others. various studies regarding the analysis of citation in m.a theses have been done, while little work has been done on comparison of citations among elt scopus journal articles, and so the dearth of research in this area demands for further investigation into citatio...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

in one pole of the continuum of language learning, theoreticians and practitioners traditionally consider english as english as a second language or english as a foreign language. however, in the other pole of this continuum where english is thought of as the most effective tool for international communication, it is referred to as a lingua franca. those who favor an approach to english growing...

حقوق در اصطلاح دارای دو معنای خاص و عام می باشد؛ در معنای خاص، حق در برابر حکم می باشد؛ و در معنای عام، حق بر هر چیزی که توسط شارع و قانون گذار وضع شود، اطلاق می گردد. معنای فقهی حق نیز معمولاً ناظر به معنای خاص آن بوده و در برابر حکم قرار می گیرد. بعضی از فقها حق را نوعی سلطنت دانسته، و بعضی دیگر آن را مرتبه ای از ملک، و گروه سوم آن را ماهیتی اعتباری عقلانی یا شرعی می دانند که امتیاز آن غیر از ...