This study aimed at investigating the effect of Personal Response System (PRS) on Iranian EFL learners’ motivation and participation. A mixed-methods design was selected to investigate this matter. Participants of this study included 60 Iranian (eighth grade students studying at Bahonar secondary school, Kazeroon in Fars, Iran) and were recruited based on convenience sampling in the form of two...

In this paper we present a synthesis method that utilizes timing constraints to generate timed asynchronous circuits. By unfolding the cyclic graph specification of an asynchronous circuit into an infinite acyclic graph, we are able to use efficient algorithms to analyze the given timing constraints. We derive a sufficient condition for the removal of redundancy in the specification. Based on t...

The pain relief scale (PRS) is a method that measures the magnitude of change in pain intensity after treatment. The present study aimed to evaluate the correlation between PRS and changes in pain determined by the visual analogue scale (VAS) and numerical rating scale (NRS), to confirm the evidence supporting the use of PRS. Sixty patients with chronic spinal pain that had a VAS and NRS record...

We recently characterized physiologically a pontine reticulospinal (pRS) projection in the neonatal mouse that mediates synaptic effects on spinal motoneurons via parallel uncrossed and crossed pathways (Sivertsen et al. [2014] J Neurophysiol 112:1628-1643). Here we characterize the origins, anatomical organization, and supraspinal axon trajectories of these pathways via retrograde tracing from...

Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is known to induce changes in arousal and postural/locomotor states. Previously, PPN stimulation was reported to induce prolonged responses (PRs) in extracellularly recorded PnC neurons in the decerebrate cat. The present study used intracellular recordings in semihorizontal slices from rat brain stem (postnatal days 12-21) to determine response...