it is nowadays less likely to findcomprehensive historical areas, which can represent all the typical features of a historical urban environment. most historical urban spaces have undergone modernization and have inevitably ceased to function as they were originally devised to. however, successful experiences of urban space construction provethat modern urban areascan both meet the present day ...

abstract geosystems or geomorphic systems include terrain structure with processes interactions that work as alone or common and create a series of terrain unites. geosystem elements consist of lines, points, surfaces, and volumes. the ways of relationships between the elements form spatial structure identity. the elements prepare spaces for different land uses, when they are located in ratio t...

Iranian historical houses constitute a significant part of the architectural heritage of the country both qualitatively and quantitatively though due research is not conducted on them. This study investigates t0he physical evolution of Qajar House of Baqeri in Gorganand attempts to monitor life stream over its lifespan. The study also investigates the effect of external transformations on archi...

Examples of convergent evolution suggest that natural selection can often produce predictable evolutionary outcomes. However, unique histories among species can lead to divergent evolution regardless of their shared selective pressures-and some contend that such historical contingencies produce the dominant features of evolution. A classic example of convergent evolution is the set of Anolis li...

The York Retreat is famous in the history of nineteenth-century psychiatry because of its association with moral treatment. Although there exists a substantial historical literature on the evolution of moral treatment at the Retreat, several interpretive problems continue to obscure its unique therapeutic legacy. The nature of moral treatment as practised at the Retreat will be clarified and di...