Non-clinical animal studies to assess the safety of compounds under development have to comply with Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has established the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) system in OECD member countries for the mutual acceptance of non-clinical safety study data. Since 1997 non-OECD-member countries have also been ab...

background gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common, chronic disease worldwide. the weekly prevalence of reflux in developed countries is 10% to 48%. it has previously been reported as 5% in asian countries, but new reports show a higher level in both asian and arab countries. in iran, reflux has increased over the last two decades. there are few studies concerning the prevalence of reflux i...

with the dissolution of the soviet :union:, the newly formed independent states believed that their economic problems are rooted from the communist economic policies. thus, they leaned towards free market economic system. the movement of such nations during the economic transition period has a close relationship with globalization. globalization itself has close ties with players in the interna...

following the collapse of the soviet :union: and independence of former soviet :union:republics, previous economic relations among centralasianrepublics changed and were replaced with the market economy. tensions have emerged between upstream and downstream countries located along transboundary rivers with downstream countries even resorting to threat of military action against possible restric...

This study investigates the evolutionary patterns of renewable energy technology in East Asian countries—Japan, Korea, and China—as an emerging technology where the catch-up strategy is actively taking place. To reflect the quality of technology development activities, we assess each country’s research and development (R&D) activities using patent citation analysis. The goal of this study is to...