in fact, this study focused on the following questions: 1. is there any difference between the effect of functional/notional approach and the structural approaches to language teaching on the proficiency test of efl learners? 2. can a rather innovative language test referred to as "functional test" ge devised so so to measure the proficiency test of efl learners, and thus be as much reliable an...

Background and purpose: Today, most organizations have recognized the value of their invisible assets and seek multiple methods to use them efficiently. One of these invisible assets is knowledge and knowledge management is a process of creating value from knowledge implementation. Execution of knowledge management requires paying attention to important factors such as organizational culture a...

the purpose of this study was to investigate how english language teachers in mashhad who teach students in the pre-university cycle perceived the impact of the efltee on their teaching. the target population was nearly all pre-university english language teachers in seven districts of mashhad in the scholastic year 2008/2009. a survey questionnaire which consisted of (36) likert type items, wa...

This study is aimed to explore the structural relationships among the factors affecting the employees' voice. To do so, by reviewing the literature a series of factors influencing the occurrence of organizational voice was identified and then the opinions of 15 senior and middle managers and academic professors about the relationships between these factors were examined. Finally, data were anal...

In this research, confront a myriad of problems understanding organizational culture. The various theories forwarded on this issue have only added to the complexity of the matter. In this article, the author defines organizational culture from a variety of viewpoints, arguing that organizational regulations are the reflection of the organizational culture. As such, an understanding of the organ...

Introduction: One of the most effective factors on increasing effectiveness, efficacy and ultimately productivity, is the organizational manager styles. Due to every organization has unique condition it needed and its own management skills, managers' knowledge of the patterns and management theories, makes their job much easier and causes their organizations successes. Main objective of this st...

The purpose of this study was to determin the role of job satisfaction in relationship between organizational culture and turnover intention in expert of sport federations. Research instruments was Woodjob satisfaction (1986), Cameron and Quinn(1990) organizational justice, and cummann(1979) turnover intention Questionnaires. Reliability of research questionnaires after a pilot study approved. ...