Geocoding, the process of matching addresses to geographic coordinates, is a necessary first step when using geographical information systems (GIS) technology. However, different geocoding methodologies can result in different geographic coordinates. The objective of this study was to compare the positional (i.e. longitude/latitude) difference between two common geocoding methods, i.e. ArcGIS (...

The literature on vertical disparity is complicated by the fact that several different definitions of the term "vertical disparity" are in common use, often without a clear statement about which is intended or a widespread appreciation of the properties of the different definitions. Here, we examine two definitions of retinal vertical disparity: elevation-latitude and elevation-longitude dispar...

The Lunar Laser Ranging experiment has been active since 1969 when Apollo astronauts placed the first retroreflector on the Moon. The data accuracy of a few centimeters over recent decades, joined to a new numerically integrated ephemeris, DE421, encourages a new analysis of the lunar physical librations of that ephemeris, and especially the detection of three modes of free physical librations ...

Archival data have been combined with recent observations of the Galactic Plane using the Very Large Array to create new catalogs of compact centimetric radio sources. The 20 cm source catalog covers a longitude range of −20 < l < 120; the latitude coverage varies from ±0. 8 to ±2. 7. The total survey area is ∼ 330 deg; coverage is 90% complete at a flux density threshold of ∼ 13 mJy, and over ...

The convergence of meridians toward the South Pole causes unique problems for geometrical comparison of structural geological and geophysical datasets from Antarctica. The true North reference direction ordinarily is used for measuring and reporting vector data (strike, trend) in Antarctica, as elsewhere. However, over a latitude distance of just 100 km at 85° South, the angular difference in t...

Land, ocean and atmospheric models are often implemented on different spherical grids. As a conseqence coupling these model components requires state variables and fluxes to be regridded. For some variables, such as fluxes, it is paramount that the regridding algorithm is conservative (so that energy and water budget balances are maintained) and monotone (to prevent unphysical values). For glob...

A high-order monotone and conservative Cascade Remapping algorithm between Spherical grids (CaRS) is developed. This algorithm is specifically designed to remap between the cubed-sphere and regular latitude-longitude grids. The remapping approach is based on the conservative cascade method in which a two-dimensional remapping problem is split into two one-dimensional problems. This allows for e...