Unsanitary disposal of human excreta, together with unsafe drinking water and poor hygiene conditions contribute for 88% of diarrheal diseases; the burden of this disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality particularly in young children and lack of access to sanitation has significant non-health consequences, especially for women and girls, including lack of security and privacy, dec...

This paper uses a randomized experimental design to evaluate a sanitation intervention that was piloted at scale across rural East Java. The program, known as Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing (TSSM) relies on facilitated sessions that trigger a sense of disgust at open defecation to stimulate collective action to solve current sanitation problems. Its lack of financial assistance to co...

BACKGROUND Despite efforts to eradicate it, open defecation remains widely practiced in India, especially in rural areas. Between 2013 and 2014, 50 villages in one district of Odisha, India, received a sanitation programme under the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (NBA - "Clean India Campaign"), the successor of India's Total Sanitation Campaign. This paper documents the strategies and processes of NBA c...

Researchers suggest that inadequate sanitation contributes to high rates of diarrheal disease causing 20 percent of diarrhea deaths (approximately 280,000 deaths in 2012)i. Despite the billions of dollars that governments and multi-lateral donors are spending on sanitation programming around the developing world, there is still disagreement on the fundamental reasons for high rates of inadequat...

This study examines whether language-specific input influences children’s nonlinguistic spatial cognition as they acquire their first language. Recent research on infant cognition has shown that preverbal infants can make a distinction between tight-fit and loose-fit containment relations. This distinction is systematically made in Korean (kkita ‘fit tightly’), but not in English (in). Using a ...