In today's dynamic world economy, traditional business approaches no longer meet the needs of market survival, growth and profitability, and entrepreneurship is presented to families, institutions, and individuals as a necessity. One of the main concerns is to create productive employment for young people in the country, which requires the necessary platform for entrepreneurship. The favorable ...

Abstract In recent decades, because of the vast socio-cultural changes which occurred in Iran, Iranian women have experienced new values and identities and they have achieved more advanced education and consciousness, so that they oppose the gender stereotypes which attribute inferior characteristics to women and cause inequalities and limitations in their everyday life. Although gender stereo...

We compare two institutions head on, a family compact – a parent makes a transfer to her parent in anticipation of a possible future gift from her children – with a pay-as-you-go, social security system in a lifecycle model with endogenous fertility wherein children are valued both as consumption and investment goods. Our focus is strictly on the pension dimension of these competing institution...

family is a social-biological institution and it is one of the most fundamental institutions of society. this article explores the structure of the family institution in iran at the historical period from the taherid dynasty to mongols, to analyze the impact of the bondswomen on twofold function of the family. the family is taken into consideration as the institution which has been provided the...

Although social institutions permeate the world in which we live, they are all but absent from our analyses of economic growth and development. This paper argues the need to mitigate this omission by demonstrating the importance of social institutions for growth and development while focusing on institutions providing social safety nets. Social institutions and policies render individual behavi...