rational explanation of the doctrine of imamat (spiritual leadership of the shi`ites) is one of the most important and efficient instruments that can prepare the ground for extension and propagation of this view in all over the world. so, in this article i want to study one of the first rational explanation of this view in islamic world which proposed by al- farabi. in the world of islam, farab...

Given quasi-realism, the claim is that any attempt to naturalise modal epistemology would leave out absolute necessity. The reason, according Simon Blackburn, we cannot offer an empirical psychological explanation for why take truth be absolutely necessary, lest lose right regard it as necessary. In this article, I argue not only can such explanation, but also will come with a forfeiture of inv...

Hydrothermal scheduling plays an important role in maintaining a high degree of economy and reliability in power system operational planning. The traditional scheduling methods have become inadequate to handle large scheduling problems and tend to be inefficient due to complex computational process. Efficient strategies have thus become an imminent necessity to solve the complex on-line schedul...

The aim of Modality and Explanatory Reasoning (MER) is to shed light on metaphysical necessity and the broader class of modal properties to which it belongs. This topic is approached with two goals: to develop a new and reductive analysis of modality, and to understand the purpose and origin of modal thought. I argue that a proper understanding of modality requires us to reconceptualize its rel...

The term medical necessity has been mainly a placeholder in insurance plans for over thirty years. More recently, the national health care reform debate and litigation over denials of costly experimental treatments have broken the term out into open discussion about what a necessary service is and who should decide if it is covered. This paper summarizes the history of the term and its evolutio...