The study investigated EFL teachers' current level of critical consciousness as well as their beliefs about the educational context where they taught. The study also explored how gender, teaching experience, workplace and academic degree differentiated the participants with regard to their critical consciousness. Drawing upon the related literature and the existing questionnaires in the field, ...

Human development implies an evolution of the individual’s physical spielraum (room to maneuver) as an adaptively changing dialectical Self-Other relationship, which is achieved through appropriate distancing. In the Japanese culture, distancing is maai (ma, spatiotemporal interval ai, harmony). Maai integrates space, time, and rhythm, dimensions of being that are deeply rooted in all human act...

While the notion of the crowd played a central role in the late 19th century sociology, today it is almost forgotten. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that it may be fruitful once again to take seriously the figure of the crowd. The paper in particular discusses the potential of the crowd tradition for economic sociology. The relationship between crowd and economic life is examined from ...

The operation of self-efŽ cacy beliefs was investigated in a group of 81 participants between 73 and 97 years of age with intensive time samples including activities carried out at the moment a signal was received, their subjective difŽ culty, and concurrent mood in everyday life. In a two-level approach, occasion-level and person-level effects could be modelled simultaneously. Within individua...

Consciousness is everything we experience, from a city scene teeming with shapes, colors, and noises to darkness and silence. It has been defined as what abandons us every night when we fall into dreamless sleep and returns the next morning when we wake up (Tononi and Edelman 1998). We know that consciousness depends on the functioning of the brain; yet many philosophers have claimed that under...

In this paper we discuss models for systems that support reading. Our account identifies important models and presents a framework for organizing them. To evaluate this account, we show its ability to suggest a wide range of text presentation systems, many of them novel. This evaluation not only provides interesting ideas for future systems, it also shows the usefulness of the account, and furt...

But beginning with his work in the late 1970s, Sosa takes a different approach to the debate between foundationalists and coherentists over the structure of knowledge. (Indeed, Sosa takes this different approach to a number of long-standing disputes in philosophy.) Rather than assuming the sides are talking past one another, Sosa suggests that each side has identi fi ed part of the truth, but m...

Who Starts a Business and Who is Self-Employed in Germany Based on representative data, the German Micro-Census, we provide an overview of the development of self-employment and entrepreneurship in Germany between 1991 and 2010, the first two decades after reunification. We investigate the socioeconomic background of these individuals, their education, previous employment status, and their inco...

In this paper, we investigate simple random walks in n-dimensional Euclidean Space. We begin by defining simple random walk; we give particular attention to the symmetric random walk on the d-dimensional integer lattice Zd. We proceed to consider returns to the origin, recurrence, the level-crossing phenomenon, and the Gambler’s Ruin.