Twenty years ago Michael (1993) refined and extended the concept of the conditioned establishing operation (CEO). With this paper he updated his previous treatment of the topic (Michael, 1982) by providing terminological refinements and conceptually clear descriptions of the reflexive and transitive CEOs. In the 20 years since the publication of that paper there has been an increase in the appl...

The article is devoted to the analysis of English discourse sense space formation with help multi-level resources and modes, each which offers its own options limitations. Language means used in a certain form meanings that, under influence pragmatic extralinguistic factors, are transformed into broader sense. communication process also involves various non-verbal that enrich represented meanin...

Empowerment is related to the word power. In English, the concept leans on its original meaning of investment with legal power—permission to act for some specific goal or purpose (Rappaport, 1987). The new meaning of the concept includes mainly references to power that develops and is acquired. People are managing to gain more control over their lives, either by themselves or with the help of o...

This paper is devoted to a problem of lexical semantics, discussing various aspects gravitating around two distinct meanings of the terms “predicative” and/or “predicational” in some important and/or of particular interest linguistic approaches, trying to build a unitary mosaic image from “rocks” representing apparently disconnected examined viewpoints on the issue. The first meaning of the two...

In the framework of discourse analysis the relationship between explicit and implicit meaning is discussed. The discussion is based on verbal discriminations in private and public discourses. Implicit meanings of sentences cannot be inferred directly from their content or from the meanings of individual words within an utterance. Rather, they can be understood from the context in which the utte...

INTRODUCTION Evidence suggests the current verbal risk descriptors used to communicate side effect risk in patient information leaflets (PILs) are overestimated. OBJECTIVES The aim was to establish how people understand the verbal risk descriptors recommended for use in PILs by the European Commission (EC), and alternative verbal risk descriptors, in the context of mild and severe side effect...