efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

simplification universal as a universal feature of translation means translated texts tend to use simpler language than original texts in the same language and it can be critically investigated through common concepts: type/token ratio, lexical density, and mean sentence length. although steps have been taken to test this hypothesis in various text types in different linguistic communities, in ...

عنوان : بررسی رابطه علیت بین درآمدها و مخارج دولت در ایران (اسمی و واقعی، 84-1338) نام و نام خانوادگی : فاطمه دارابی رشته تحصیلی : اقتصاد نظری استاد راهنما : دکتر شمس اله شیرین بخش - دکتر منیژه نخعی استاد مشاور : دکتر زهرا افشاری چکیده کنترل کسری و بدهی دولت همواره یک چالش برای دولت ایران و دیگر کشورها بوده است . بنابراین رابطه علیّت همواره بین مخارج دولتی و در آمدهای دولت ی...

abstract the balvard metamorphic assemblage (bma) crops out at the northeastern margin of the southeastern part of the sanandaj-sirjan zone (ssz) in contacting to the dehshir-baft ophiolitic mélange. this location prepared a special situation to resolve some of the complicated tectonic problems of this part of iran. petrology, micro-tectonics and satellite image investigation were carried out ...

the skill of reading in english as a foreign language is an important and challenging one which is affected both by linguistic and extra linguistic factors. since vocabularies are part and parcel of every reading comprehension text, knowing enough vocabulary always facilitates this process. however, guessing strategy as one of the most important strategies has consistently ignored by language l...

  The European ::::union:::: council in 23 January of 2012 ,in direction to aggravate economic sanctions against Islamic Republic of Iran ,decided to enact further economic restrictions against this country in energy section such as importing oil from Iran to the state members of European ::::union:::: ,in financial section against central bank of Iran, in transportation section and also agains...

today, information technology and computers are indispensable tools of any profession and translation technologies have become an indispensable part of translator’s workstation. with the increasing demands for high productivity and speed as well as consistency and with the rise of new demands for translation and localization, it is necessary for translators to be familiar with market demands an...

abstract the primary purpose of this study was to explore the actual practices and cognitions of two groups of iranian eap teachers, i.e. language teachers and content teachers, with respect to teaching reading-comprehension and vocabulary. to this end, tehran university of medical sciences which authorizes both groups of teachers to teach eap courses was selected as the context of the study s...