this research was administered with the purpose of studying the moderating role of female gender schemas in relations between feminine role models, job ladder and networking opportunity with procedural justice in promotion of women teachers in yazd, kerman and esfahan city. on the basis of the research aims, 280 women teachers were selected from above mentioned cities (from esfahan 100 women te...

A career ladder program is a formal management tool used not only by managers looking to recognize and retain employees, but also by employees seeking growth opportunities. A career ladder program involves careful development, frequent and effective communication during implementation, and activities focused on measuring program effectiveness. Career ladders are a way to increase productivity a...

This paper aims at explaining unemployment persistence in Spain by the so–called “ladder” e¤ect. This arises when high-skilled workers who do not ...nd a job corresponding to their skill accept jobs which previously were occupied by less quali...ed sta¤. We develop a dynamic general equilibrium model, in which two types of workers — characterized by their level of formal education — coexist on ...

Climbing the Job Ladder: New Evidence of Gender Inequity An explanation for the gender wage gap is that women are less able or less willing to ‘climb the job ladder.’ However, the empirical evidence on gender differences in job mobility has been mixed. Focusing on a subsample of younger, university-educated workers from an Australian longitudinal survey, we find strong evidence that the dynamic...

Education in a "Job Ladder" Model and the "Fairness-in-Hiring" Rule Jagdish N. Bhagwati and T. N. Srinivasan Education turns a person into a different 'kind of labor. Any economic analysis of education therefore must be based on a theory as to what this difference consists in; it must also presuppose a theory as to how the market for this kind of labor functions. This paper proposes and analyze...

This paper studies the incidence and heterogeneity of labour informality in six Latin American countries—Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru. We divide workers into five work statuses: formal wage-employed, self-employed, upper-tier informal lower-tier self-employed. evaluate patterns occupational turnover between these statuses assess their impact on wage dynamics. In all countr...