Background High pharmaceutical expenditure is one of the main concerns for policymakers worldwide. In Colombia, a middle-income country, outpatient prescription represents over 10% of total health expenditure in the mandatory benefits package (POS), and close to 90% in the complementary government fund (No POS). In order to control expenditure, since 2011, the Ministry of Health introduced pric...

Criminal determination in a number of environmental offenses still raises excessive criminal threats. The weight for offense committed due to negligence is even more severe than the deliberate which causes death. weights can also not be compared that have same level seriousness. In Law reviewed, threat some formal material so it violates principle proportionality. Excessive crimes overcome thro...

Environment Provider Orderbook File Orderbook Distribution Abstract Orderbook Provider Pricing FactoryOrderbook Provider Pricing Factory Pricing Outcome CPLEX Adapter Abstract Solver VCG PricingSolver VCG Pricing

In this paper we explore the possibility, heretofor unexplored in the marketing literature, that firms “invest funds” in their pricing processes. This builds on some of the recent economic work on the costs of price adjustment. To do this we undertook a two-year, cross-disciplinary, ethnographic study on the nature of investments made by senior managers to enhance the effectiveness of the prici...

Pricing is one of the major aspects of decision making in supply chain. In the previous works mostly a centralized environment is considered indicating the retailers cannot independently apply their decisions on the pricing strategy. Although in a two-echelon decentralized environment it may be possible that supply chain contributors have encountered with different market power situations which...

Chapter Outline Introduction 61 Background 63 Distributional Effects of Dynamic Pricing 65 Barriers to Dynamic Pricing 69 Unfairness of Flat Rate Pricing 71 Dynamic Pricing in Other Industries 73 Overcoming the Barriers to Dynamic Pricing 74 The Effect of Dynamic Pricing on Low-Income Consumers 75 Accommodating Potential Objections 77 Conclusions 78 Appendix: Quantifying the Hedging Cost Premiu...