The translation quality of machine systems depends on the parallel corpus used for training, in particular quantity and corpus. However, building a high-quality large-scale is complex expensive, particularly specific domain Therefore, data augmentation techniques are widely translation. input back-translation method monolingual text, which available from many sources, therefore this can be easi...

This paper proposes a framework for analyzing legal sentences including itemized or referential expressions. Thus far, we have developed a system for translating legal documents into logical formulae. Although our system basically converts words and phrases in a target sentence into predicates in a logical formula, it generates some useless predicates for itemized and referential expressions. W...

A concept is proposed to extend authorised translations of documents to electronically signed, digital documents. Central element of the solution is an electronic seal, embodied as an XML data structure, which attests to the correctness of the translation and the authorisation of the translator. The seal contains a digital signature binding together original and translated document, thus enabli...

Videoconference (VC) systems have been used in courts in England and Wales for more than fifteen years. However, it can be argued that research into how new technologies and interpreters interact in legal settings is still in its infancy. The aim of this article is to analyse whether court interpreters perceive their role differently when they interpret through VC systems, and whether the locat...

Syntactic choices and complexity reduction make translation communicative for the readers. This paper underscores syntactic as well in Urdu of Punjab laws English. The study focuses on legal communication a minimalistic perspective. It draws upon theory minimalism proposed by Chomsky (1993), along with three-stage model Nida Taber (1969). Data is analyzed employing Burton’s (2021) clausal analy...