A central point of the economic analysis of corporate liability for harm done to strangers (parties other than employees or customers of a corporation) is that the level of liability should generally equal the magnitude of harm. The rationale is 2-fold. If liable firms must pay damages 1 equal to harm, then, first, firms will in principle be led to take appropriate care to prevent harm; and, se...

This paper explores people’s behavior when they are facing financial risks. Through the setting of an economics experiment, people’s willingness to bear financial risks and their tendency to impose risks on others are investigated. The experiment result shows that most people are risk-neutral or risk-averse when making decision under financial environment, and their tendency to impose risks on ...

Nowadays, Most of the cities, especially metropolises of developing countries are engaged with environmental issues like air and water pollution, waste increase and etc., that lead to the environmental destruction. Meanwhile sustainable urban development, provides the balance between development and the environment, and supplies the current generation needs while keep its eyes on the next gener...

geomorphology, in some cases, provides a good platform for physical development of cities. however, physical development of cities, sometimes result in unsuitable and hazardous geomorphologic process and form. therefore, geomorphology of the region is of importance in physical planning and urban development. in this study, based on historical trends of expanding the boundaries of the malekan ci...

The Urban Informal Sector (UIS) is a major and expanding part of developing economies both in terms of employment and output. However, they cause substantial environmental damages and worsen living conditions, prompting authorities to impose rigid environmental regulations. Yet, these steps have been mostly arbitrary and based on adhoc popular sentiment or political exigencies and not on rigoro...

This paper reflects the polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (POLSAR) data utilization for near-real time earthquake and/or tsunami damage assessment in urban areas. In order to show the potential of the fully polarimetric high resolution polarimetric SAR (POLSAR) image data sets, a fourcomponent scattering power decomposition scheme has been developed and applied to monitor near-real time ear...